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| Paul Biya |
November 6, 2012 has come and gone with President Biya and
the ruling CPDM celebrating his 30 years in power. The man who became Head of
State on November 6, 9182 is today one of the longest serving Head of States in
the World and the third in the African Continent. Cameroonians who are 30 years old have never
known any other President except Paul Biya. But how did he consolidate power to
the point that his critics call him King. To Many of Biya’s critics, having
clocked 30 years in power, President Biya is a king but he has ruled nothing
when judged from the tempting moments during these years. What are those difficult moments?
CNU To CPDM
President
Biya took over when Cameroon had the unique part system. And the ruling party
was the CNU, with President Ahmadou Ahidjo as the party leader and Head of
State. Logic would have had it that when President Biya became Head of State he
was supposed to take the helm of the party. It was not so because late Ahmadou
Ahidjo remained head of the CNU. President Biya was the vice president and on
December 11, 1982 the central committee and political bureau of the CNU placed
him in charge of party affairs in Ahidjo’s absence. Despite Biya’s loyalty to
Ahidjo, a rift occurred in 1983 and Ahidjo went into exile. He accused
President Biya of plots against him and even resigned as Head of the CNU.
President Paul Biya became CNU President during an extraordinary session held
on September 14, 1983. He held that portfolio for two years but another sad
incidence forced him to transform the CNU into the Cameroon People’s Democratic
Movement, CPDM, in Bamenda in 1985.
Attempted Coup Plot
The
rift between President Biya and his predecessor Ahidjo, widened as the latter
fled into exile. He constantly accused President Biya of undermining his
authority and legacy left behind. When President Biya took the helm of the CNU,
he announced Presidential elections for January 14, 1984. He precipitated the
elections for they were earlier scheduled for 1985. As the only candidate to
this election, President Biya scored a walloping 99.98%. President Ahidjo who
had fled into exile was put to trial in absentia for his involvement in a coup
plot perpetrated in 1983 by him and two others. The court slammed them death
sentences, but President Biya used his presidential clemency and commuted the
sentences to life imprisonment. Biya was now in a fix. He decided to disband
the Republican guards who were loyal to Ahidjo. He did this on April 5, 1984
and on April 6, 1984 another coup attempt on President Biya was foiled. The northerners were blamed for the coup
and the hand of Ahidjo was suspected to have instigated the coup.
Wind Of Change
The
wind of change that started in Europe and blew through Africa did not leave
Cameroon indifferent. People manifested for multiparty politics. The nation was
on a red alert. President Biya granted the wishes of Cameroonians with the
liberty laws of 1990. Many political parties cropped up like mushrooms and were
duly registered. Presidential elections were organized in 1992 and President
Biya met his first ever real challenge. He won the elections with a score of 40
%. Ni John Fru Ndi of the opposition, Social Democratic Front, SDF followed
closely with 36%. The opposition candidate contested the results claiming
victory. This set the entire nation into a polarized state leading to strikes
and marches for the stolen victory. And President Biya had to form a coalition
in order to escape an imminent dominance of the opposition in parliament as
they won a majority of seats.
Ghost Towns
If
anything has ever shaken the very foundation of Cameroon and put President Paul
Biya in difficulties it is the ghost towns in the 90s. During the ghost towns
declared by the opposition that transformed itself into coalitions, the economy
slummed as economic activities were halted. The government machinery could not
grind smoothly. Investors were no longer coming and the tax evasion became the
order of the day. The nation was paralyzed and the government confused.
President Biya had to employ his wits to call for dialogue with the opposition
that were the main brains behind the ghost towns. But the opposition was clamouring
for sovereign national conference while the government wanted something else.
However, the tripartite talks organized by the government diffuse the tension
and economic activities resumed. But the opposition SDF boycotted the 1997
elections. In this election, President Paul Biya secured a 92.6% win over the
other opposition candidates.
Economic Crises And Devaluation
The
economic crises had rocked Africa since 1974. Cameroon did not feel the pinch
until 1985 when the economic crises hit Cameroon like a bomb shell. President
Paul Biya tasked Cameroonians to embark on agriculture as a means of solving
the crises. Cameroonians who were already use to white-collar jobs found
agriculture a bitter pill to swallow. Many did not even attempt to swallow the pill.
But while President Biya was still looking for ways to take Cameroon out of the
economic crises, a natural disaster hit Lake Nyos on August 21, 1986. People
and their cattle were killed by the poisonous gas that came from the lake.
International humanitarian efforts were mobilized and Cameroon benefited
enormously from gifts donated by international organizations. But this cap in
hand attitude was not going to help all Cameroonians or last for long.
Another
devastating blow was dealt Cameroonians by the devaluation of the CFA currency.
Civil servants had to see their salaries slashed. Ends were no longer meeting
and tension was gradually boiling in the nation.
Corruption and Inertia Sets In
While
President Biya was struggling to manage these very difficult moments, his
closest collaborators were busy swindling state funds. They took more than
their mouths could chew. But not only were the President’s collaborators
involved in corruption, they were involved in inertia. The state machinery was
bogus and ineffective. People were spending four hours at work and not even
four hours of work. Despite President Biya’s policy of rigour and moralization,
nothing was moving, as these slogans felt on deaf ears. And the consequent
result was that Transparency International ranked Cameroon as the most corrupt
country on three runs consecutively. President Biya set to work to reverse the
situation. And he had to make hard choices as most of the embezzlers were his
closest collaborators. He made the hard choices and threw most of them into
prison. This reversed the trend and Cameroon had to honourably lost the trophy
of corruption.
The Bakassi palaver
The
Bakassi peninsula is today part of Cameron. It has for time in memorial been a
headache to Cameroon leaders. Cameroon has lost valiant soldiers at Bakassi and
even administrators. President Biya had to employ diplomacy at international
level for Bakassi to revert to Cameroon as Nigeria had claimed ownership over
that oil rich peninsula of the SW region of Cameroon. Although Cameroon had
legitimacy over Bakassi, the area still remained a headache to President Paul
Biya as soldiers were killed there regularly. Pirates had made Bakassi their
safe haven and had taken hostages there, requiring the joint efforts of Cameroon
and France before their release. And it was still from this area that pirates
had been operating and raided banks in Limbe and Douala. Thus the Bakassi
palaver up to its peaceful settlement had been one of the tempting moments of
President Biya within the past 30 years.
Revision of Constitution
The
Cameroon constitution was revised in 1996. Before the revision of the
constitution, there were heated debates on the necessity of its revision.
President Biya created the enabling environment and the constitution was
revised given new dispensation in the functioning of the state machinery. There
was going to be a constitutional council. There was to be the creation of
Regions to replace provinces with decentralization, the creation of the senate
and regional councils. But this very constitution placed a two term bar on
presidential elections. This therefore meant that President Biya’s mandate
acquired in 2004 was the last, because his first seven term mandate was
acquired in 1997.
But
President Paul Biya said the constitution limited the choice of Cameroonians.
He asked for its revision. This met with stiff resistance from the opposition
who saw it as a ploy to allow President Paul Biya another opportunity to
contest the 2011 presidential elections. Marches were organized by some civil
society organizations to denounce the revision of the constitution. The long
and short of it is that the bill passed through parliament and the majority
CPDM MPs voted for it while the opposition boycotted. Although the bill passed,
it was one of those incidences that gave President Paul Biya night mares.
Stolen Wallet, G11 Syndrome and
Misinformation
Lieutenant
Luc Emane, one of President Biya’s closest collaborators stole his suitcase
while they were on mission abroad. This act was so treacherous that President
Biya ordered for his immediate arrest and repatriation home to face the music
of justice. This came just at a time when the G11 syndrome (G11 are those who
want to replace President Biya in 2011) had gained some prominence. Some of
President Biya’s collaborators who had embezzled state funds were allegedly
said to be using the funds to sponsor a smear campaign on the personality of
the president. And that these detractors were trying to undermine the peace
reigning in Cameroon through their nefarious plans of seizing by power what
they can never achieve through the ballot box. For this reason, many fabricated
reports were being circulated by agents of these detractors that President Biya
and family have ill-gotten wealth starched in bank accounts abroad.
The February Strikes
In
February 2008 there was an uprising that paralyzed four of the ten regions of
Cameroon. People went on the streets because of rising food prices. The strike
that was purported started by tanker and taxi drivers escalated, resulting to
losses in human lives and property. The gravity of the strike could be measured
in the down turn in economic activities. Looting became the order of the day.
It was actually a challenging moment for President Biya. But as a serene
leader, who knows how to absorb the shocks, he called the shots and the strike
action ended. What is important today is that a soft cushion has been provided
by government to absorb all the negative shocks of the rising food prices. The
prices of basic commodities were reduced with an increase in the salaries of
civil servants. Also subsidies and custom duties waved on so many imported
basic commodities.
Lessons Learned
If
there are any lessons to be drawn from the tempting moments of President Biya
within 30 years, there are that great people are not those who have never
fallen but those who get up after each fall. Also that trials and tribulations
are moments of great reflection. Because after each tempting moment in
President Biya’s 30 years reign comes a brighter idea for improvement. The
result is the astronomical improvement in infrastructure, economic, social and
political life of Cameroon. Much has been achieved in 30 years, but not without
sacrifices by the population and steadfastness by President Paul Biya.
When News Breaks Out, We Break In. Minute by Minute Report on Cameroon and Africa